Perforce has a reconciliation operation. When files are modified outside Perforce (ie. without using an explicit Perforce edit, add or delete) the changes are not tracked in your pending changelist. Perforce can analyze your workspace for file changes, additions and deletions and open them in a changelist:
$ p4 reconcile -d <changelist>
Similarly you have the p4 status alias:
$ p4 status # equivalent to p4 reconcile -n
$ p4 status -A # equivalent to p4 reconcile -ead
As you don't have to open a file in a changelist before editing it, Git don't need such a reconcilation operation.
Of course, git can analyse you working directory and look for any changes. To get a complete status of untracked files, changes waiting to be staged, stage waiting to be committed, use this single command:
$ git status
From this status, it's up to you to add more changes to your stage and/or commit your work wit the appropriate command. By itself, git status do not perform any operation, it's is just a report.